Fake news about Kremlin critic Navalny aims to discredit him after his death

Since news broke on February 16, 2024 that Russian opposition leader Alexei Navalny had died while incarcerated in the Russian Arctic, there has been a resurgence of doctored images and fake news aiming to discredit Navalny and his family. We took a look at three of the most widely spread fake news items about Navalny. None of them are true.

If you only have a minute… 

  • A photo claiming to show Alexei Navalny doing a Nazi salute has been widely circulated on social media in the days since his death. But this image has been photoshopped. Moreover, it’s been circulating online for more than 10 years. 
  • A photo of Navalny’s wife posing on the beach with a man, said to be her lover, has been widely circulated online in recent days. But the man featured in the photo posted it online to show his support for the couple. And this photo, too, is a few years old. 
  • A video that has gone viral allegedly shows Navalny trying to get the money to carry out a coup d’état from an agent with the M16, the British secret service. The man in the video, however, is not Navalny. 

The factcheck, in detail 

A photoshopped image of Navalny doing a Nazi salute 

When news of Navalny’s death broke, several dozen accounts, like this one, shared this image of what seems to be a shirtless Navalny doing a Nazi salute, a tattoo of Adolf Hitler on his bare chest. Social media users who shared this photo claim that he is a neo-Nazi who doesn’t deserve praise. 

“Perhaps you’d like this photo of Navalny to be projected on the facade of the French embassy,” one X caption reads. 


This is a screengrab of a post on X from February 18, 2024 featuring a photoshopped image that makes it look like Navalny did a Nazi salute. © X / @kamouniac

If you carry out a reverse image search on this image (here’s a link to our guide), then you’ll see that it has already been circulated online. The oldest instance of this photo that we found was from a 2012 post on a Russian forum.

This is a screengrab of a post on the Russian forum pk25 from April 18, 2012, featuring the photoshopped image of Navalny doing a Nazi salute.
This is a screengrab of a post on the Russian forum pk25 from April 18, 2012, featuring the photoshopped image of Navalny doing a Nazi salute. © X / The Observers

It’s also possible to find another version of this photo from back in November 2011. In that version of the photo, the person doing the salute isn’t Navalny. Our fact-checking colleagues at AFP Factuel discovered this pre-photoshop version of the photo on this blog. On another blog, a social media user who goes by the handle “artem68” says that he took the original picture. He says that his full name is Artem Jitenev and that he was working as a photographer for the Russian press agency Ria Novosti. His post is called “protest russia – 2011”.

This is a screengrab from a Russian forum where a man says that he took this photo back in November 2011.
This is a screengrab from a Russian forum where a man says that he took this photo back in November 2011. © The Observers

The photo shared on X has been photoshopped – Navalny’s head has been pasted on the body of someone else doing a Nazi salute.

No, Navalny’s wife Yulia did not run off to a beach with a lover 

Another photo also went viral on both X and Facebook after news broke of Navalny’s death. This photo shows Navalny’s wife, Yulia Navalnaya, posing with a man on a beach. 

The accounts that shared this image claimed the man was her lover. 

“Meanwhile, when he was stuck in a Siberian jail, she had already dumped him for a toy boy lover…”, reads the author of this post on X.

This is a screengrab of a post shared on X on February 18, 2024 that falsely claims that this is an image of Navalny’s wife and her lover.
This is a screengrab of a post shared on X on February 18, 2024 that falsely claims that this is an image of Navalny’s wife and her lover. © X / @JohnLeFevre

When we ran this image through a reverse image search, we realised that this rumour has been circulating since at least 2021. We discovered a post from August 18, 2021 on the Russian social network Vkontakte claiming that Navalnaya was in a relationship with Evgeny Chichvarkin, a Russian billionaire living in exile in France.

This is a screengrab of a photo of Navalnaya and Chichvarkin on a beach, published on August 18, 2021 on Vkontakte.
This is a screengrab of a photo of Navalnaya and Chichvarkin on a beach, published on August 18, 2021 on Vkontakte. © The Observers

We took a look at Chichvarkin’s social media and found that he had posted that photo of himself and Navalnaya on his Instagram account on August 17, 2021. His caption reads, in Russian, “With the First Lady of the Beautiful Russia of the Future”. Below his caption, he added the hashtag “myfightingfriend”, the word “freedom” and tagged Navalny’s Instagram account.

This is a screengrab of Chichvarkin’s Instagram post. In it, he shows his support for Navalny and his wife. The post is from August 17, 2021.
This is a screengrab of Chichvarkin’s Instagram post. In it, he shows his support for Navalny and his wife. The post is from August 17, 2021. © Instagram / @tot_samy_chichvarkin

Three days later, on August 20, 2021, Chichvarkin shared a photo of Navalny himself and told his followers to check out Navalny’s most recent text. 

Chichvarkin was a friend of the couple and a supporter. This photo, which he posted himself, in no way proves that he was Navalnaya’s lover. 

Since the death of her husband, a large number of fake news items and doctored photos have targeted Navalnaya, who, in a video posted on February 20, said that she planned to “continue Alexei Navalny’s work”. 

And, finally, no, that’s not Navalny trying to raise money for a coup from a British spy 

A number of people have also shared a black and white video showing two men speaking in English in a café. Many of these people have claimed, wrongly, that the footage shows Navalny trying to raise money from an agent with the M16 to carry out a coup. 

“Navalny Asks for $10-20 Million a Year to Start a Color Revolution in Russia,” reads the caption on this TikTok account. 

This video was picked up by a Facebook account that added an additional claim – that Navalny was negotiating with a British agent from M16, James William Thomas Ford. 

This is a screengrab of a TikTok post published on February 17, 2024 that falsely claims that Navalny is trying to raise funds to carry out a coup in Russia.
This is a screengrab of a TikTok post published on February 17, 2024 that falsely claims that Navalny is trying to raise funds to carry out a coup in Russia. © TikTok / @todayisamerica

In the video, you can hear two men speaking. 

“If we had more money, we would expand our opportunities, of course,” one says. “If someone would spend, I don’t know, 10, 20 million a year on supporting this, we could see quite a different picture. And this is not a big amount of money for people who have billions at stake.” 

However, when we carried out a reverse image search on the footage, we discovered that the video was first broadcast on February 1, 2021 by the Russian TV channel RT. RT has had its broadcasts suspended in the European Union because it is believed to be a tool of disinformation used by the Kremlin. The news reported by RT was then picked up in this article by Russian press agency Ria Novosti. 

Neither of these two Russian media outlets reported that Navalny was in this video. They claimed that it showed a discussion between Vladimir Ashurkov, Navalny’s colleague, and a man named James William Thomas Ford, who they say is a British employee of the British embassy in Moscow and an M16 agent.

The Italian media outlet Open.online, which is a member of the IFCN (International Fact-Checking Network) confirmed that Ashurkov is indeed the person seated on the left in the video. Ashurkov does work with Navalny, according to his page on LinkedIn

However, the claims by these two Russian media outlets that the other person is a British employee of the British embassy in Moscow or an agent with M16 have not been confirmed by any other source. 

As for the topic discussed by the two men, Open.online also reported that “all the references” in the discussion “were about FBK”, the anti-corruption NGO founded by Navalny. There is no proof that the conversation included discussion about organising a coup. 

Read moreEU vows to hold Putin accountable at Navalny widow meeting

Navalny had most recently been held in a prison in the Arctic since he was arrested following his return to Russia in 2021. He had initially left Russia after he was poisoned by the nerve agent Novichok and hospitalised in Germany. 

Since the announcement of his death, a number of Western leaders have accused the Russian government of being responsible.



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Why pro-Russian accounts are sharing a fake video of French farmers and manure

Pro-Russian social media users have been widely circulating what looks like a Euronews report showing French farmers dumping manure outside the Ukrainian embassy. French farmers began protesting for better pay in January and the video claims that the farmers took the drastic manure action after the Ukrainian ambassador penned a letter asking them to stop their protests. But this video is fake. It’s one of a series of fake news reports aimed at making Ukraine look bad in the eyes of the West.

Issued on:

5 min

 

If you only have a minute:

  • A video that looks like a news report from broadcaster Euronews shows French farmers dumping manure outside what the report says is the Ukrainian embassy in Paris. According to the same “report”, the farmers were angry after the Ukrainian ambassador penned a letter asking them to stop their ongoing protests.

  • However, Euronews says this video wasn’t made by their channel. 

  • Moreover, the building in the footage isn’t the Ukrainian embassy, it’s actually the headquarters of the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté Regional Council in Dijon. Farmers really did spread manure there during a protest on December 15. 

  • The “news report” also features a letter from the Ukrainian ambassador. It turns out, however, that this is also fake. The signature looks nothing like the signature of the real ambassador. 

The fact check, in detail:

“Ukrainian embassy’s call to end protests angered French farmers” reads the text on a video news report that started to circulate on Twitter and Facebook on February 10. The news report, which looks like it comes from broadcaster Euronews, includes footage of a pile of manure dumped by farmers in front of a large building. 


This tweet from February 11 claims that farmers protested in front of the Ukrainian embassy in Paris. © Observers

French farmers began a series of massive protests back in January, demanding better pay and working conditions. The video claims that the farmers were angry that the Ukrainian ambassador had written them a letter, asking them to end their protests. The video further claims that the president of FNSEA, France’s main agricultural union, told the Ukrainian ambassador to “keep his opinions to himself”.  

This fake video garnered more than 150,000 views on Twitter. It was also published by dozens of Facebook accounts, like this one and, again, this one.

However, the video doesn’t appear anywhere on the Euronews website or any of its social media channels. 

Our team reached out to Euronews, who told us that they did not produce or publish this video. 

“It’s a sophisticated imitation of the style, visuals and format of Euronews,” the outlet said. “Over the past twelve months, we have encountered a number of similar cases where fake Euronews videos began to circulate online.” 

The images did not show an embassy, but the seat of the regional council in Dijon

Moreover, if you search online then you won’t find any information about a farmers’ protest in front of the Ukrainian embassy. 

Our team carried out a simple reverse image search on the video (check out our how-to guide to find out how). By doing this, we discovered where the video was really filmed. It shows farmers dumping manure in front of the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté Regional Council in Dijon and has been circulating online since at least January 3, 2024. French media outlet France Bleu also published images of the same protest. The manure dump was part of a protest organised on December 15, 2023 during which farmers decried a delay in subsidy payments.

Images available on Google Maps confirm that the building is, indeed, the headquarters of the regional council in Dijon and not the Ukrainian embassy in Paris. 

The building that appears in this video is actually the headquarters of the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté Regional Council in Dijon. Farmers protested in front of this building in January 2024.
The building that appears in this video is actually the headquarters of the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté Regional Council in Dijon. Farmers protested in front of this building in January 2024. © Observers

 

A fake letter from the Ukrainian ambassador 

The video also features a letter apparently sent from the Ukrainian ambassador to French farmers, dated February 7, 2024. However, no official source and no social media network mentions this letter. And our internet searches didn’t unearth any proof of this document’s existence.

This video claims that the Ukrainian ambassador sent a letter to French farmers, asking them to halt their protests.
This video claims that the Ukrainian ambassador sent a letter to French farmers, asking them to halt their protests. © Observers

 

However, the signature on this letter doesn’t correspond with the signature of the Ukrainian ambassador Vadym Omelchenko, as reported by Italian fact-checking outlet Open Online. You can see Omelchenko’s real signature on this letter to the city government of Neuilly, a western suburb of Paris, or this letter addressed to the former French ambassador in Ukraine. 

On the left, you can see the signature that appears on the letter featured in the viral video. On the right, you can see the real signature of the Ukrainian ambassador to France, Vadym Omelchenko, on a thank you letter he wrote to the city government of the Paris suburb of Neuilly.
On the left, you can see the signature that appears on the letter featured in the viral video. On the right, you can see the real signature of the Ukrainian ambassador to France, Vadym Omelchenko, on a thank you letter he wrote to the city government of the Paris suburb of Neuilly. © Observers

 

The FRANCE 24 Observers team reached out to the Ukrainian embassy, but we have not yet received a response. We will update this page if and when they come back to us. 

And, no, the president of a farmers’ union didn’t tell the ambassador to ‘keep his opinions to himself’ 

The video also reports that, after seeing the letter from the Ukrainian ambassador, Arnaud Rousseau, the president of farmers’ union FNSEA, told the ambassador to “concentrate on Ukraine” and added: “Ukraine doesn’t have the right to ask anything of the French people. Keep your opinions to yourself.” 

French farmers’ union president Arnaud Rousseau supposedly told the Ukrainian ambassador to “keep his opinions to himself
French farmers’ union president Arnaud Rousseau supposedly told the Ukrainian ambassador to “keep his opinions to himself”. © Observers

However, our internet searches dug up no proof that Rousseau had said anything of the sort. These quotes don’t appear in any media outlets or official documents. Our team reached out to FNSEA, but, for the time being, we haven’t heard anything back. 

Fake videos made to look like news reports from Western media outlets have been circulating since the start of the war in Ukraine, but their number increased dramatically in 2023. These videos are made as an attempt to discredit Ukrainian authorities. 



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No, this video doesn’t show mosques being destroyed in China

X users have been circulating a video in recent days that shows a mosque being bulldozed, claiming that it provides proof that the Chinese government is destroying mosques. The Chinese government is carrying out a “sinicization policy” on mosques, either demolishing them or carrying out architectural modifications to make them look more Chinese, a practice that has been decried by human rights organisations. However,  this video was not filmed in China.

Issued on: Modified:

6 min

If you only have a minute:

  • X users have been sharing and circulating a video showing a mosque minaret being bulldozed by, they claim, the Chinese government. 
  • In their captions, these users wrongly claim that the demolition of this mosque is an example of a campaign by the Chinese government bent on the “sinicization” of mosques in China. 
  • In reality, the scene was filmed in Turkey, not China. It shows the controlled demolition of a mosque minaret that risked collapse after it was structurally damaged in the earthquake that took place on February 6, 2023. 
  • However, while this video is unrelated, the Chinese government is currently carrying out a campaign to destroy and alter mosques across China.

The fact check, in detail: 

A video of a mosque being demolished went viral  on X a few days ago. Tweets featuring the video claim that it shows the work of the Chinese government. A user whosetweet garnered 300,000 likes claimed that the mosque was going to be turned into “public toilets”, because, he said, China thinks of Islam as a “mental illness”.

This is a screengrab of a post on X that wrongly claimed that the mosque had been destroyed by the Chinese government in order to build public toilets. © X / @Linfo24_7

“The Chinese Communist Party has been focusing on mosques as part of its crackdown on Muslim Uyghurs,” wrote this user

This is a screengrab of a post on X which wrongly claimed that this mosque was destroyed as part of the Chinese government’s crackdown on Uyghurs.
This is a screengrab of a post on X which wrongly claimed that this mosque was destroyed as part of the Chinese government’s crackdown on Uyghurs. © X / @Knot73211261

The misinformation reached new levels when a Chinese account with more than 500,000 followers, which posts tweets in Arabic, reacted to the tweet. This account rightly claimed that the mosque in the footage was actually located in Italy. However, they then blamed “American security services” for spreading the rumour that China was involved.

This is a screengrab of a post on X that says that American security services are responsible for spreading false rumours that the Chinese government destroyed this mosque.
This is a screengrab of a post on X that says that American security services are responsible for spreading false rumours that the Chinese government destroyed this mosque. © X / @mog_china

If you carry out a reverse image search (check out how by reading our guide) then you can find older posts featuring this video. We discovered that the video in question was already circulating online a year ago, in February and March 2023. We learned from those posts that the mosque shown in the video is actually located in Adana, in Turkey. 

The mosque sustained structural damage in the earthquake that took place on February 6, 2023. It’s minaret was damaged, which led local authorities to carry out a “controlled” demolition in late February 2023, as documented by these Turkish media outlets.

Back then, the video was circulated online because a worker was injured during the demolition, as shown in a longer version of the scene, which was broadcast by Turkish media outlet IHA on March 2, 2023.


This is an earlier post of the video showing the demolition of a mosque minaret in Adana, Turkey.

Community Notes on X – which allow X users to add context to a potentially false post in a collaborative manner – say that the mosque being demolished in the footage is the Gökoğlu mosque in the town of Adana. It’s impossible to get close enough to the mosque in question to see it clearly in Google Street View or Yandex Maps. However, there are a few other videos posted on TikTok in late February 2023 that also show the demolition of the mosque’s minaret, which enable us to confirm that it is, indeed, the Gökoğlu mosque.

This is a screengrab of a TikTok video that says that this footage shows the Gökoğlu mosque in Adana.
This is a screengrab of a TikTok video that says that this footage shows the Gökoğlu mosque in Adana. © TikTok

Even if this video in particular does not show a mosque being destroyed by the Chinese government, the Chinese government does have a campaign targeting mosques.

The NGO Human Rights Watch wrote a whole report, published in November 2023, about the “sinicization of mosques” in China. The report talks specifically about a policy of “mosque consolidation”.

“The Chinese government is not ‘consolidating’ mosques as it claims, but closing many down in violation of religious freedom,” said Maya Wang, acting China director at Human Rights Watch. “The Chinese government’s closure, destruction, and repurposing of mosques is part of a systematic effort to curb the practice of Islam in China.”

The report notes that the government’s “mosque consolidation” efforts are focused on the regions of Ningxia and Gansu, which are the provinces with the largest Muslim populations after Xinjiang, where the Chinese authorities have already been carrying out a violent repression of the Muslim Uyghur population for years. 

Part of the sinicization of these mosques includes architectural changes, according to Human Rights Watch. In a number of mosques, the government has replaced minarets, domes and other features characteristic to Islamic heritage with architectural styles more traditional to Chinese culture, as part of their program of cultural assimilation.

À lire aussiChinese mosque partially destroyed in state campaign against Muslim minority

The Chinese government has also demolished mosques, as detailed in this article by FRANCE 24. More than 90% of mosques in the region of Ningxia have been demolished or modified had Islamic features removed, according to satellite images gathered by the Financial Times in an extensive report studying this troubling phenomenon in detail. At least 1,714 religious buildings have been altered or destroyed.

This is a screengrab showing the alteration of one mosque highlighted in the report by the Financial Times.
This is a screengrab showing the alteration of one mosque highlighted in the report by the Financial Times. © Financial Times

On social media, people often publish images of mosques being destroyed or their “sinicization”.

This is a screengrab of a post on X showing the sinicization of the Doudian mosque in China.
This is a screengrab of a post on X showing the sinicization of the Doudian mosque in China. © X / @ianscottmunro

Some have said that the Chinese government considers Islam to be a “mental illness”, as said in this Facebook post. We haven’t found any instances of this term being used by a Chinese official.

This is a screengrab of a Facebook post from December 2023 that talks about the destruction of mosques in China.
This is a screengrab of a Facebook post from December 2023 that talks about the destruction of mosques in China. © Facebook / Kaushik Vyas

However, this idea is likely connected to the so-called “re-education” camps, essentially internment camps, that the Chinese government has been running since at least 2017 in the province of Xinjiang. Members of the Uyghur Muslim minority are detained here in an attempt to combat “religious extremism”, according to Chinese officials. 

An official Chinese Communist Party audio recording obtained by Radio Free Asia, a media outlet financed by the US Congress, characterizes the Uyghurs held in these camps as being “infected by an ideological illness”, which the officials claimed needed treatment like a “physical illness”. More than one million Uyghurs are thought to have been interned in these camps since 2018. 

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Tunnel found under a New York synagogue: Watch out for false claims

Police raided an important synagogue and religious complex in Brooklyn, New York on January 8, arresting nine people. The reason? Members of a fringe messianic faction of the Hasidic Jewish community had dug an illegal tunnel beneath several buildings. When an attempt was made to close up the tunnel, the young radicals resisted. Images of the police raid have been shared worldwide and rumours, especially that the tunnel was being used by child trafficking rings, have emerged online.

If you only have a minute: 

  • Photos and video began circulating online on January 8, showing the New York Police Department (NYPD) raiding a Brooklyn synagogue serving as the center of an influential Hasidic Jewish movement. The images show young congregants facing off with police and damaging the building before being arrested.

  • Another video circulating online shows a basement entrance to the tunnel, while another shows a member of the community trying to escape through a sewer grate onto the street.

  • Rumours are circulating that the police discovered the tunnel when, in fact, the Jewish community discovered the tunnel dug by fringe members in late December and began work to close it on January 8. They called the police when the young radicals resisted their attempts.

  • A number of tweets have falsely claimed that the tunnel leads to the Jewish Children’s Museum, located just across the street from the synagogue, suggesting that the tunnel was used for child trafficking. However, the New York Department of Buildings did not say that the tunnel went under any roads. 

  • It appears that the dissident faction built these tunnels illegally in an attempt to expand the synagogue.

The fact check, in detail: 

What happened on the evening of January 8 at the synagogue located at 770 Eastern Parkway in Crown Heights, Brooklyn? The synagogue is part of the complex that makes up the Chabad Lubavitch World Headquarters, home to an influential movement within Hasidic Judaism. The headquarters, often known as just 770, is one of the most significant religious sites in the city.

Different photos and videos shared by the local press show dozens of congregants seeming to face off with law enforcement and ripping off some of the building’s wooden siding. Other videos show congregants gathered in a tunnel dug behind a wall in the synagogue that they had partially destroyed that night.


This video shows a wall destroyed by young congregants at the 770 synagogue in Brooklyn, New York on January 8. © CrownHeights.info

In the ensuing hours, local media outlets like Collive and Crown Heights posted videos online showing police arresting congregants. A total of nine people were arrested, according to American news agency the Associated Press.

Other images soon appeared on social media. One image showed a Jewish man trying to flee through a sewer grate. Rumours about secret “Jewish tunnels” dug under the synagogue and their reported use began to circulate. 

A tunnel denounced by the Chabad Lubavitch community itself 

Several posts on X in English – like this one, which garnered more than seven million views – or in French claimed that the NYPD discovered the tunnel on January 8.

Seen more than seven million times, this tweet published on January 9 claims that the NYPD discovered the tunnel under a synagogue. © X

However, it was the Chabad Lubavitch community that found the tunnel dug by the fringe faction. The local news site that covers the Jewish community in Brooklyn, CrownHeights.info, made the discovery public on December 22.

Two days later, this media shared another video. The footage begins in a messy basement and then focuses in on a narrow, dug-out passage. It doesn’t show where the passage leads. This basement is apparently located in a building adjacent to the synagogue, still in the Chabad Lubavitch complex.


This video shows a basement in the Chabad Lubovitch complex in Brooklyn and what appears to be the start of a tunnel. It was published online on December 24. © CrownHeights.info

According to several articles published in the local press, the congregants who built the tunnel seem to be part of a small messianic faction within the Lubavitch movement, which itself is part of Hasidic Judaism.  

This faction believes that a former leader of the Lubavitch community, a rabbi by the name of Menachem Mendel Schneerson, who died in 1994, is the messiah and that he is still living. In recent years, this fringe faction has come into conflict with the rest of the community. 

On January 8, authorities from the synagogue brought in a cement truck in to close the passage, as shown in photos released by the local press. However, the young people from this faction prevented the workers from carrying out the task. This led to the synagogue’s decision to call the police, according to one of the spokesmen for the Chabad-Lubavitch community, Motti Seligson, who was contacted by the FRANCE 24 Observers team. 

The leaders of the Lubavitch community also denounced the actions of this faction on January 8. 

Motti Seligson condemned the group, which he called “extremist students”, while the president of the Chabad Lubavitch community, Rabbi Yehuda Krinsky, said in an Instagram post that “the Chabad-Lubavitch community is pained by the vandalism of a group of young agitators”.

A tunnel with no links to the Jewish Children’s Museum

A number of influential accounts from the American far right have circulated rumours on X that these tunnels were used for child trafficking.

This tweet, which garnered more than six million views, claims that the tunnel, built under the complex, continues under the street and then connects to the Jewish Children’s Museum in Brooklyn.
This tweet, which garnered more than six million views, claims that the tunnel, built under the complex, continues under the street and then connects to the Jewish Children’s Museum in Brooklyn. © X

Some posts claimed that the tunnel linked up with the Jewish Children’s Museum, an educational site located on the other side of the street. In particular, these tweets have pointed to a video showing a congregant fleeing from a sewer gate located on the same street as the Jewish Children’s Museum, Kingston Avenue. 

Except that the sewer grate doesn’t actually open up on the museum sidewalk. There are no indications that the tunnel was dug under the road in order to reach the museum. 

En rouge : le musée des enfants juifs. En bleu : la bouche d'égout située de l'autre côté de la Kingston Avenue. En noir : les différents bâtiments sous lesquels a été construit le tunnel. Le point ro
Red: The Jewish Children’s Museum. Blue: The sewer grate on the other side of Kingston Avenue. Black: The tunnel was built under these buildings. The red dot marks the entrance to the synagogue, considered a historic building. © Image Google Maps

On January 10, a spokesperson for New York’s Department of Buildings, which was in charge of the investigation into the tunnel and the restoration of the basements, described the tunnel: “Our investigation has found that a single linear underground tunnel (approximately 60 feet long, 8 feet wide and with a ceiling height of 5 feet) had been illegally excavated underneath a single-story extension.”

The Department of Buildings is also looking into the impact of the tunnel on surrounding buildings and said it is undertaking “emergency stabilization work”. Partial vacate orders had been issued for a number of affected buildings and a full vacate order was issued for another building.

The Department of Buildings has not mentioned an impact on any buildings outside of the Chabad Lubavitch complex or any issues with Kingston Avenue, which would be the case if the tunnel went under the road. In fact, they specifically said that neighbouring buildings had not been impacted. 

The sewer drain was sealed on the evening of January 8. 

Nine men between 19 and 21 years old were charged with criminal mischief and reckless endangerment. One was also charged with obstruction of governmental administration.

None of those arrested were charged with anything related to paedophilia or child trafficking. 

The video, which was first shared by the media outlet Crown Heights on December 24 (see image above), also circulated widely online. Many of the posts claimed that the Jewish community had built an entire network of tunnels. However, the video actually showed “a building next door that used to hold a Jewish ritual bath” and seems to be where the single tunnel began, Louis Keene, a journalist with the Jewish media outlet Brooklyn Forward, told our team. 

An expansion project for the synagogue? 

Why was this tunnel built? “Most answers point to a desire to expand the synagogue underneath 770”, Keene told our team. “The project to expand the synagogue dates back decades but it has stalled for various reasons. So the thinking was, ‘let’s just do it ourselves.’”

Two men who said they spoke with some of those who broke through the synagogue wall told the New York Times that the motive was to hasten an expansion of 770.

He also said that the group wanted to carry out the wishes of Rabbi Schneerson, the man revered as a messiah by this faction.  It had been his aim to expand the synagogue. 

A website calling for the expansion claimed that the rabbi believed “every Jew” should participate in the expansion of “770”, the address of the synagogue. 

It is hard to know how long this illegal operation was underway. Some media outlets reported that construction must have begun at least a few months before it was discovered. 



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Was there really a Star of David on Palestine’s official flag back in 1939? Nope.

Pro-Israeli social media users have been claiming, wrongly, that Palestine’s official flag before 1948 featured the Star of David, a Jewish symbol. The spread of this false information online has picked up momentum since the start of the latest round of conflict between Israel and Hamas in October 2023, which has inflamed questions about the history and geopolitics of the contested region. An image of the flag that has been circulating appeared under the entry for “Palestine” in a 1939 edition of the French dictionary Larousse. However, our team spoke to several historians who said that this flag was only ever used by the Zionist movement which wanted to start a Jewish state in Palestine.

Issued on:

5 min

If you only have a minute: 

  • Pro-Israel social media users have been claiming that the Jewish symbol, the Star of David, was featured on Palestine’s flag long before the state of Israel was founded. This enables them to claim that there was always a strong Jewish presence in the contested region. As proof, these social media users have been sharing an image of a blue amd white flag published by the French dictionary Larousse in 1939.

  • However, our team spoke to several historians who said that this flag was not the official flag of Palestine. It was actually a flag used by Zionist movements which hoped to found a Jewish state in Palestine. 

  • Meanwhile, in the context of the ongoing war between Israel and Hamas, there has been a resurgence of criticism about how the nation of Israel was created in 1948. 

The fact check, in detail: 

Was there really a Star of David on the Palestinian flag in the 1930s? Since fighting broke out between Israel and Hamas on October 7, 2023, bringing new attention to the long-contested region, a number of pro-Israel social media users have claimed that Palestine’s official flag featured this symbol of Judaism at least a decade before Israel was founded in 1948. 

“Here’s the Palestinian flag in 1939. […] How can people still say that Israel is a coloniser?” wrote French publicist Frank Tapiro in an Instagram post from last November featuring the image of this blue and white flag decorated with the Star of David. 

This image was picked up in late December by X users who wanted to prove that Jewish people had a presence in Palestine before Israel’s founding in 1948. “The Palestinian flag prior to 1948. Enough said,” says this tweet from December 29 that has been viewed more than 200,000 times.

This tweet claims that this blue and white flag featuring the Star of David was the official flag of Palestine back in 1939, nearly a decade before Israel was founded. © Twitter

Images of this flag were already circulating online years before conflict broke out between Israel and Hamas on October 7, 2023. For example, this Tiktok video, posted in English back in 2022, claims that this same flag used to be Palestine’s official emblem. It has since garnered more than eight million views. 

A flag ‘sometimes used by Zionists’

However, all of the historians contacted by our team said that this flag was never the official emblem of Palestine during the British mandate that lasted between 1920 and 1948. Historians interviewed by other media outlets, like Reuters, agreed. 

Back in 1939, Palestine was under British mandate and had been since 1920. This status – accorded by the League of Nations, the first global intergovernmental organisation and precursor to the United Nations – ended when the Jewish state was created in May 1948. 

“This flag was not the official flag of Palestine under mandate,” said Vincent Lemire, a professor of history at the University of Gustave-Eiffel in Champs-sur-Marne who specialises in the history of Jerusalem. 

“This flag was sometimes used by the Zionist movement to represent the future flag of the future Jewish state that they were calling for.” 

Henry Laurens, a historian who specialises in the Arab world and a professor at the Collège de France research institute, agreed. Laurens said that, while Palestine was under British mandate, its flag actually featured the colours of the United Kingdom.

This was the official flag of Palestine under British mandate.
This was the official flag of Palestine under British mandate. © Wikipedia

News agency Reuters also interviewed experts about this flag in late November. They spoke to Tamir Sorek, a historian at Penn State University, as well as Salim Tamari at the Institute of Palestine Studies. Sorek and Tamari agreed with our experts. 

“This flag appears to be an unofficial flag that sometimes appeared on Jewish-owned ships during the mandatory period when the official English name of the country was still Palestine,” Shay Hazkani, an associate professor at the Joseph and Rebecca Meyerhoff Program and Center for Jewish Studies at the University of Maryland, also told Reuters. 

A flag featured in the 1939 edition of the Larousse dictionary 

So where did this misinformation come from? While it is hard to determine the exact source, a number of social media users have used photos allegedly taken of an edition of the French dictionary Larousse from 1939, which wrongly presents that flag as the official flag of Palestine. 

Photos and videos of this edition of the dictionary have been shared since 2015 on different pro-Israeli sites and platforms, which use these archive images as “proof” that this flag was the official emblem of Palestine.

This is a screengrab of a video that was posted on Facebook in 2018 by a pro-Israeli web radio channel showing the 1939 edition of the illustrated Larousse featuring an image of the blue and white flag with the Star of David, presented as the official flag of Palestine.
This is a screengrab of a video that was posted on Facebook in 2018 by a pro-Israeli web radio channel showing the 1939 edition of the illustrated Larousse featuring an image of the blue and white flag with the Star of David, presented as the official flag of Palestine. © Facebook

So why did Larousse represent Palestine with this flag? Our team contacted Larousse, but they have not responded to our inquiries. 

Criticism of the legitimacy of the creation of the state of Israel

This flag and the claims that go with it have started circulating against a very specific backdrop. In light of the war between Hamas and Israel, people have been looking into the history of the region, which frames the current conflict. Some people have stated to criticise how the state of Israel was created back in 1948. 

As we mentioned, in 1920 – shortly after World War I – a British mandate was imposed on Palestine. This ended when Israel was created in May 1948. 

During the era between the two world wars, the Jewish population in Palestine increased. The Zionist movement, created in the 19th century by Theodor Herzl, aimed to create a Jewish state in Palestine and inspired a wave of Jewish immigration, especially from Eastern Europe. By 1939, Jews represented a third of the total population of Palestine, according to numbers reported by the British authorities at the time.

Unlike today, the name “Palestine” was once used by both Jewish and Arab communities. 

“This name didn’t have a specific connotation at the time,” said Vincent Lemire. The word took on new significance when Israel was created in 1948 and 750,000 Palestinians were kicked out of the territory, losing their historic homeland. 

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These photos of Israelis mistreating Palestinian children aren’t from the latest conflict

More than 6,000 Palestinian children are thought to have been killed in the war between Israel and Hamas so far, according to numbers released by Hamas.  It’s in this context that photos and videos have started circulating online that people say show Israelis mistreating Palestinian children. However, while violence against children is indeed occurring, three of these images are not linked to the current conflict. 

Issued on: Modified:

6 min

 If you only have a minute

  • A million children have been impacted by Israel’s military and bombing campaign on Gaza. In this context, two photos and a video have been circulating online that show Israelis mistreating young Palestinians. However, it turns out that these photos are several years old and were not filmed in the recent conflict. 
  • One photo apparently shows the Israeli army using a Palestinian child as a human shield in recent fighting. In reality, the photo has been around since at least 2010 and may have been taken well before that. 
  • Another video is said to show an Israeli car hitting several Palestinian children and driving off. It is real, but it was filmed in 2010. 
  • A video has also been circulating online that some claim shows the Israeli Border Police taking a three-year-old Palestinian child hostage.  This footage, while real, was taken five years ago.

The fact-check, in detail

“Today, the Gaza Strip is once again the most dangerous place in the world to be a child,” wrote Catherine Russell, Executive Director of UNICEF in a statement released on December 1 calling for a lasting humanitarian ceasefire. 

More than 17,000 Palestinians had been killed in this conflict by December 8, more than 6,600 of those children, according to the Hamas ministry of health. In total, a million children in the Gaza Strip have been affected by the war, according to UNICEF.

It is undeniable that the recent conflict has had a devastating impact on Palestinian children. However, social media users have been sharing two photos and a video that they say offer proof of recent atrocities. In reality, these images are old and do not show the recent conflict.

A child used as a human shield?

A number of posts claim that Israel has been caught using young Palestinians as “human shields” (one example is this X post, which has been shared more than 80,000 times). The post includes two images showing an Israeli soldier getting ready to fire his gun with a child tied up and blindfolded at his feet. 

This is a screengrab of a post from December 4 on X that claims to show a child being used as a “human shield” in the war between Israel and Hamas in 2023. In reality, the image is from a number of years ago. © Observers

Our team ran these two images through a reverse image search and discovered that one was posted online as early as 2008 when it was shared by the Israeli human rights association B’Tselem. The post provided no additional context for the picture. 

Did an Israeli car hit young Palestinians? 

A video, shared more than 15,000 times, shows what appears to be an Israeli car hitting two Palestinian children and then driving off. The post doesn’t provide any context, making it seem like it is recent. 

The footage shows children carrying rocks running towards a car, which hits two of them. The car then drives off as people continue to hurl rocks at it. One of the children, a boy, remains on the ground though he seems to be sitting up. The video then shows people loading the boy into the back of a vehicle in a chaotic scene. 

This is a screengrab of a post from December 4, 2023, featuring the video.
This is a screengrab of a post from December 4, 2023, featuring the video. © Observers

While the video is real, it wasn’t filmed during the current conflict. It was posted on YouTube by American press agency the Associated Press. The caption says that it was filmed on October 8, 2015 in the Silwan neighbourhood in East Jerusalem.

“Car, reportedly driven by an Israeli, approaches, Palestinian boys move towards car with hands holding stones raised as if about to throw stones, car collides with boys hitting one boy on the side and another full on with front of car. Car then keeps driving down away as other boys chase and throw stones at it, breaking windows,” reads the description of the video, which is written as notes rather than full sentences.

This is an Associated Press video from 2015.
This is an Associated Press video from 2015. © Observers

The press agency also provides context for the video, stating that things had become tense after the Israeli army killed “two important members of Hamas” earlier that day during a raid in the West Bank, according to both the Israeli army and Hamas. 

This article from US media outlet CBS News says that the car was driven by Jewish extremist David Be’eri, who runs an organisation called Elad dedicated to moving Jewish people into Palestinian neighbourhoods in East Jerusalem. 

An article by CNN included a quote from Be’eri, which he apparently gave to a news outlet referred to as Channel Two TV.

“When I was attacked I wanted to drive ‘reverse,’ but the car behind me blocked me,” Be’eri is quoted as saying. 

The article also says that the two Palestinian boys were treated in a hospital. One of them had a broken leg. 

After this incident, a court in Jerusalem sentenced three Palestinian boys accused of throwing stones to two weeks of house arrest. 

Did the Israeli army take a three-year-old child hostage?

Other posts claimed that the Israeli army took a three-year-old Palestinian child hostage. That’s the claim made by this tweet posted on December 3, 2023 and shared more than 50,000 times. 

These tweets refer to a video that has the logo of British media outlet Middle East Eye in the top right.

“Israeli officers are detaining this 3-year-old Palestinian boy after claiming he was ‘sent to throw stones,’” reads text on the video. “The child was detained for a few minutes in Hebron on Tuesday… Border police say the boy was sent to throw stones at the officers and ran at officers with a screwdriver and peeler in his hands. The police have said it was a ‘planned provocation.’”

Screengrab of a tweet on X from December 3.
Screengrab of a tweet on X from December 3. © Observers

However, once again, this is an old video, according to our fact-checking colleagues at Politifact.

If you type the words used in the text in the video into Google or another search engine, (“Border Police officers detained a three-year-old Palestinian boy for a few minutes in Hebron on Tuesday”), then you’ll find an article by the Israeli media outlet Haaretz published on March 28, 2018.

The article contains the same video that was shared recently as well as security footage shared by the police that shows the boy approaching the soldiers before one of them takes hold of his arm. 

Article from the Israeli newspaper Haaretz.
Article from the Israeli newspaper Haaretz. © Observers

The article further says that the Border Police called the incident “a provocation that does not reflect the situation and was intended to paint the security forces in a bad light”.

“The video is cut and edited. This was a young boy who was sent to throw stones at Border Police officers and with a screwdriver in his hand for ‘a stabbing attempt,’ and with his relatives watching him from a distance,” said the police spokesman.

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Fake story about assassination attempt on Mahmoud Abbas goes viral

A video supposedly showing an assassination attempt on Mahmoud Abbas, the president of the Palestinian Authority, has been circulating widely on X (formerly Twitter) since November 7. However, it turns out that the video actually shows a police drug raid on a refugee camp near Ramallah in the West Bank on November 7.

Issued on: Modified:

5 min

If you only have a minute

  • On November 7, a number of X accounts posted a video they claimed showed an assassination attempt on Mahmoud Abbas, the president of the Palestinian Authority.
  • However, the day the video started circulating online, the spokesperson of the Palestinian security services, Talal Dweikat, said the video actually shows a drug raid carried out by the Palestinian Civil Police Force on the Jalazone refugee camp located near Ramallah. A local media outlet also reported this.
  • Our team reached out to the Palestinian authorities but, for the time being, have not received a response.

The fact-check, in detail

“WARNING: Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas was the victim of an assassination attempt. His convoy came under fire,” reads a tweet, translated from French, posted by the X account Arab Intelligence in the middle of the afternoon on November 7. Arab Intelligence says in its bio that it is a news site for information about the Arab world.

The post, which garnered more than 700,000 views before it was taken down, also claimed that one of Abbas’s security agents was shot in the head and killed.

Hundreds of other accounts also shared this rumour – within just a few hours, the news had gone viral internationally. 

This is a tweet from the Belarusian news outlet Nexta, which reported that there was an assassination attempt on the President of the Palestinian Authority, Mahmoud Abbas. Observers

A post by Belarusian news outlet Nexta featuring the video has garnered more than 1.9 million views since it was posted on November 7. The story spread quickly on X in Arabic, with some posts garnering more than two million views. Some international media outlets, like the Russian press agency Tass, also reported that Abbas’s convoy was attacked.

Most of these posts featured videos showing an exchange of gunfire between two groups in a town centre. The footage most widely shared shows bullets raining down on a group of armed men standing next to a black pick-up truck.  One of them falls to the ground, seemingly shot.

A police drug raid 

However, none of these videos show an assassination attempt on Mahmoud Abbas. The footage was filmed on November 7 during a police raid on drug traffickers in the Jalazone refugee camp located near Ramallah in the West Bank. 

The first posts on X about the drug raids appeared around 11am Paris time on November 7 (here’s one example). That means they were shared online before the false rumour about the assassination started to circulate. A local media outlet in Ramallah, Khabar24, also shared this video on Facebook and X before 12pm Paris time.

Khabar24 said in its posts that a captain in the security forces of the Palestinian Authority was injured by shots fired by a criminal gang in the Jalazone camp during an attempt to arrest a drug trafficker.

This information aligns with the statement posted on Facebook a few hours later by the spokesperson for the Palestinian security forces, Talal Dweikat.

“Six members of the Palestinian security forces were injured, including one seriously, during a raid for a person wanted in drug cases,” Dweikat said in the statement, translated from Arabic.

Our team was able to geolocate the specific site where the police raid took place by analysing several different videos posted on X (like this one and this one) of the incident filmed from different angles.

A stone building (outlined in dark green in the image below) appears in two different videos of the incident, filmed at different angles. We were able to locate this building on Google Maps thanks to its distinctive vertical balconies.

In the first video, filmed from the location marked with a red star (here), you can see a white roof that also appears in the satellite image (marked in light blue). In the second video, filmed from the location marked with a blue star, you can see a roof made of orange tiles (marked in red), a uniquely shaped white building (marked in light green) and a minaret that also appears in the background of the video below (in purple). 

In the background is Jalazone as seen on Google Maps. At the right are two screengrabs of videos of the drug raid. The first video (above right) was filmed from the location marked with a red star. The second video was filmed from the location marked with a blue star. In the videos. you can see the distinctive balconies on the main building (marked in dark green), a roof of orange tiles (marked in red), the white roof (marked in light blue) and a minaret that appears in the background (marked in purple).
In the background is Jalazone as seen on Google Maps. At the right are two screengrabs of videos of the drug raid. The first video (above right) was filmed from the location marked with a red star. The second video was filmed from the location marked with a blue star. In the videos. you can see the distinctive balconies on the main building (marked in dark green), a roof of orange tiles (marked in red), the white roof (marked in light blue) and a minaret that appears in the background (marked in purple). Observers

Our team reached out to the Palestinian Authority but has not yet heard back.

A document with unknown origins

Some accounts on X went further than just sharing rumours about the assassination attempt on Abbas – they also claimed to know who had carried out the attack. French-Algerian journalist Mohamed Sifaoui, along with others, claimed that this (fake) assassination attempt was the work of a Palestinian group known as the Sons of Abu Jandal.

This Palestinian group was unknown up until this point. It claims to be made up of members of the security forces of the Palestinian Authority’s security who have links to Fatah.

In a statement in Arabic dated November 5, this group delivered an ultimatum to Abbas (using his nickname Abou Mazen).
In a statement in Arabic dated November 5, this group delivered an ultimatum to Abbas (using his nickname Abou Mazen). Observers

This document says that if the president of the Palestinian Authority didn’t “take a clear position declaring an open confrontation with the [Israeli] occupation”, the group would consider rebelling. 

While many questions remain about this document and its authors – including its veracity – that hasn’t stopped some accounts from claiming that this group was behind the (fake) assassination attempt.

Mahmoud Abbas, a president weakened by the conflict in Gaza

As Israel’s offensive in Gaza in response to the October 7 Hamas attack continues, the president of the Palestinian Authority, based in the West Bank, has found himself under increasing criticism from the Palestinian population, who say that he has not taken hard enough action against Israel. 

However, Abbas’s popularity was already low before the war. An opinion poll published in September by the Palestinian Center for Policy and Survey Research (PSR), said that 78% of Palestinians were in favour of 88-year-old Abbas resigning. 

The Palestinian Authority has been in power since 2005. However, after Hamas took power in Gaza in 2007, they now only control parts of the West Bank.



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No, this video doesn’t show a Palestinian pretending to be injured in the Israel-Hamas war

Some pro-Israeli social media users are claiming that Palestinians are posting videos pretending to be injured by the bombing campaign carried out by Israel since October 7. On October 26, for example, pro-Israeli accounts started sharing claims that a Palestinian video maker had pretended to be injured. Their so-called proof was two videos – one said to show the man in a hospital bed and the next one, apparently filmed the next day, showing him in perfect health. It turns out, however, that the video of the injured man is from August 2023, months before the war broke out. Moreover, it shows another man – and a real victim of the ongoing conflict. 

Issued on:

5 min

If you only have a minute

  • Pro-Israel social media accounts have accused a Palestinian video maker, Saleh al-Jafarawi, of being an “actor” paid by Hamas. They have been circulating a video montage that they say shows al-Jafarawi lying injured in a hospital bed on October 25, and then a video supposedly posted the next day where he is walking through the streets of Gaza in good health. 
  • The video showing a man in a hospital bed is actually from August 23, and shows a different person, as demonstrated by several videos shared on TikTok and an article published by an NGO. 
  • The state of Israel’s X account posted this misleading montage, though it later deleted the post.  However, the video is still circulating online and some posts featuring the video have garnered millions of views.

The fact check, in detail

This type of accusation is not new. For the past few years, some Israeli websites have been accusing Gaza residents of staging scenes to make themselves look like victims – a practice these sites have dubbed “Pallywood” (a blend between “Palestine” and “Hollywood”). This theory has reemerged online in earnest since the war between Hamas and Israel broke out in early October.

Over the past few days, many pro-Israel social media users have been spreading claims that a Gazan video maker named Saleh al-Jafarawi is an actor working for Hamas and that he has posted videos pretending to be injured by the Israeli bombardments. They’ve used the hashtag #Pallywood alongside these claims.

Al-Jafarawi has indeed been posting videos every day on Instagram to document what has been happening in Gaza since the start of the war. However, these pro-Israel accounts claim that he shared a video of himself in a hospital bed, only to post videos of himself in perfect health, walking the streets of Gaza, the very next day.  

A fake news item shared by Israel’s official social media account… then deleted 

“He’s revived!”, reads the caption of this tweet featuring the video posted on October 26 by one anti-Palestinian account. The tweet has since been viewed two million times. The official X account of the state of Israel also shared the fake story about al-Jafarawi the same day in two separate tweets… which it deleted a few hours later. 

In these two posts, the state of Israel went into detail in its claims that Saleh al-Jafarawi was an actor and that the hospital scene was staged, explaining, for example, that “most of the machines are disconnected and the ones which are have fake stats”.

These are screengrabs of tweets posted by the official account of the state of Israel on October 26 and then deleted a few hours later. Observers

However, on Friday, October 27, the video was still being circulated by pro-Israel accounts. 

One high-profile figure who shared the video montage was Hananya Naftali, a former member of Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu’s communications team. Naftali has 385,000 followers on X. 

“I don’t watch Netflix because Pallywood propaganda is the actual comedy,” he wrote in his post, which garnered more than one million views.

A video from August 2023 of a young Palestinian with an amputation 

However, al-Jafarawi isn’t the person in the hospital bed video. This video was actually filmed in August 2023, before the conflict began on October 7. It shows a young Palestinian hospitalised after losing his leg.

If you carry out a reverse image search, then you’ll pull up the original video posted on a TikTok account on August 18, 2023.

The account in question shared a number of videos of this bedridden teenager with an amputated leg. One of the posts has a link to a TikTok account belonging to a close friend of the injured young man who gives updates on his friend’s treatment and condition. 

A video posted by this account on August 2 shows the same young man in a bed and room identical to those shown in the video posted on August 18.

On the left is the original video posted on August 18 on TikTok that has been used out of context in recent days. On the right is a screengrab of another video published by an account belonging to a friend of the young Palestinian man on August 2. We put the image in vertical format for an easier video comparison.
On the left is the original video posted on August 18 on TikTok that has been used out of context in recent days. On the right is a screengrab of another video published by an account belonging to a friend of the young Palestinian man on August 2. We put the image in vertical format for an easier video comparison. Observers

An image of the same hospital room appears in this article published by the pro-Palestinian NGO International Solidarity Movement on August 25, 2023 – a story that was also picked up by the Indian fact-checking outlet AltNews.

The article explains that the young man, named Mohammed Zendiq, lost his leg after an attack by the Israeli forces on a refugee camp on July 24.

This is a screengrab of an article that the NGO the International Solidarity Movement posted on its site on August 25, 2023.
This is a screengrab of an article that the NGO the International Solidarity Movement posted on its site on August 25, 2023. Observers

Saleh al-Jafarawi, a video maker in Gaza

The video of the young man in hospital has nothing to do with Saleh al-Jafarawi.

Al-Jafarawi, an amateur singer and video maker from Gaza with 1.6 million followers on Instagram, has been sharing images of how the war is playing out in Gaza. He has filmed some recent videos in hospitals, where he stands among victims, documenting the brutal consequences of the Israeli bombings on Gazan civilians. 

Al-Jafarawi has come under criticism in recent days, especially by pro-Israel accounts that claim that he has been supporting Hamas in some of his posts.

‘Pallywood’: recurrent fake news items about events being staged

Al-Jafarawi is not the only person to be falsely accused of staging scenes of Palestinian suffering. A number of fake news items in this genre have been circulating since the start of the war. 

The term “Pallywood” was coined in 2005 by the American historian Richard Landes, who teaches in Israel. He used it to describe what he believes is a phenomenon of Palestinians staging scenes of suffering that they hope will be picked up online and by the media to undercut Israeli policy. 

However, many of the claims around Pallywood that have been circulating in recent days have been proven false. 

The health ministry in Hamas-run Gaza said 8,796 people have been killed in three weeks of Israeli bombardments on the enclave, two-thirds of them women and children



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Was this photo of a dead Israeli baby AI-generated? When AI-detection errors muddle public debate

On October 12, the official account of the state of Israel posted an image of a tiny, charred body, claiming that the image showed a baby killed by Hamas during the attacks carried out on October 7. In the hours after the image was posted, social media users began to comment, saying that the image had been generated by artificial intelligence, according to the AI detection tool AI or Not. However, several experts – as well as the company behind AI or Not – have said these findings were wrong and that the photo is likely real.

If you only have a minute

  • A number of social media accounts, most of them either American or expressly pro-Palestinian, have said on X (formerly Twitter) that the photo of the burned body of a child shared by the state of Israel was generated by AI, based on the results of an AI detection tool called AI or Not. 

  • However, AI or Not actually said that the result was a false positive. Several specialists in image analysis agreed, saying that the photo was not AI-generated. 

  • A number of people claimed that the image of the charred body had been generated using a photo of a puppy. However, when we talked to a specialist in image analysis, he said the photo of the dog was actually the doctored image.

The fact check, in detail

On October 12, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu published [warning: disturbing images] photos of the burned bodies of children in mortuary sacks on his X account (formerly Twitter). In the caption, he said that the photos showed “babies murdered and burned by the Hamas monsters” during their attack on October 7. The photos were picked up and reposted by the X account of the state of Israel a few hours later.

However, many American and pro-Palestinian social media users blamed the country for having generated one of the images using artificial intelligence.

A number of tweets, including one viewed more than 22 million times, denounced the images, claiming that they had been “created” by Israel, based on the results of artificial intelligence detector “AI or Not“. These tweets featured a screengrab of the results page, where the tool indicated that the image had been “generated by AI”. 

The result was even picked up by the X account for Al Jazeera in Arabic. On October 14, the Qatari media published a video on the topic, which garnered more than 500,000 views.

“These images, according to [Israel], reflect the “brutality of Hamas”… Artificial intelligence has revealed the falsity of the Israeli accusations against members of Al-Qassam [the armed branch of Hamas],” Al Jazeera wrote.

This is a tweet from Al Jazeera in Arabic about the accusations that an image of a charred body was actually generated by AI. It includes the screengrab of the results page of the tool AI or Not. Observers

In these same messages, users also accused Israel of generating this image using a photo of a live puppy in a mortuary sack – one that looks the same as one in the picture of the child’s body.

This photo of a puppy, which some people have said is the original photo that was subsequently doctored, circulated widely, especially on 4chan, a site frequented by the American far-right, starting the evening of October 12.

A number of social media users claimed that this image of a puppy, shared on the 4chan channel, was the origin of the photo shared by Israel.
A number of social media users claimed that this image of a puppy, shared on the 4chan channel, was the origin of the photo shared by Israel. Observers

A false positive for the tool AI or Not

In reality, there are a few clues that the image posted by the Israeli government was not generated by artificial intelligence. 

The company that created “AI or Not” actually cast doubt on the results of its own software. In a tweet from October 14, the company said that its software was capable of false positives, meaning that it could falsely conclude that a real photo was generated by AI, especially when the image in question was low quality. 

“We have confirmed with our system that the result is inconclusive because of the fact that the photograph was compressed and altered to blur out the name tag,” the company said on X, referring to the tag next to the left hand of the body. “If you run the photo through the software now, it actually indicates that it is ‘likely human’.”

Our team confirmed these results on October 16.

This is a screengrab of the results page when our team ran the photo through AI or Not on October 16. Now, the results page says that the image is “likely human.” Our team added the gray circle to mask the body.
This is a screengrab of the results page when our team ran the photo through AI or Not on October 16. Now, the results page says that the image is “likely human.” Our team added the gray circle to mask the body. Observers

The team at the investigative outlet Bellingcat, which specialises in image analysis, tested out the software back in September 2023.

“The fact that AI or Not had a high error rate when it was identifying compressed AI images, particularly photorealistic images, considerably reduces its utility for open-source researchers,” Bellingcat concluded.

‘There is no proof that the image shared by the Israeli government was altered’

Moreover, the photo itself doesn’t show signs of being generated by AI, Hany Farid, a specialist in image analysis and a professor at Berkeley, explained to the media outlet 404.

Farid pointed out the accurate shadows and the structural consistencies in the photo. 

“That leads me to believe that [the photo] is not even partially AI-generated,” he said.

The same sentiment was expressed by Denis Teyssou, the head of AFP’s Medialab and the innovation manager of a project focused on detecting AI-generated images, vera.ai

“There are no signs that the image shared by the Israeli government has been doctored,” he told our team on October 16. 

He added that the software designed by vera.ai to detect AI-generated images didn’t identify that the image had been doctored – while also specifying the limits of this kind of software.

“The big risk with AI detection tools is if they produce false positives. If there is a false positive, we can no longer trust the tool,” he said.

A ‘doctored’ image of a puppy

When the photo of the body was run through a software created by the AFP Medialab to detect AI-generated images called InVID-WeVerify, it reached the same conclusion as vera.ai – that the photo hadn’t been doctored. 

However, the tool did pick up inconsistencies in the image of the puppy.

“It’s likely that this image was falsified using generative methods,” said Tina Nikoukhah, a mathematics researcher at Paris-Saclay University, during an interview with our team on October 16. 

It “detected significant traces in the background of the image that didn’t appear on the puppy,” she said. In the image below, you can see these differences marked in colour – dark green on the puppy and light green on the rest of the image. 

The photo of the puppy is on the left. On the right is the same photo with the ZERO filter applied by the software InVID-WeVerify. The filter
The photo of the puppy is on the left. On the right is the same photo with the ZERO filter applied by the software InVID-WeVerify. The filter “detected significant traces in the background of the image that didn’t appear on the puppy,” said Tina Nikoukhah. This is demonstrated by the dark green pixels in the centre of the image. Observers

“Considering the nature of these traces, it’s likely that the falsification was made using AI-generation,” she added, referring to software like Midjourney or Stable Diffusion. 

These results line up with claims made by an X user, who said that he had created the puppy image. 

In a tweet published on October 12, a few hours before the image was shared on 4chan, he said that it took him “five seconds” to create this image from the image shared by Israel. 

“Not hard to make a convincing fake photo anymore,” he wrote in his tweet, which has since been deleted. In another tweet, the same user said that he had used the AI-image generator Stable Diffusion. He referred on multiple occasions to his AI-generated image in other tweets.

Photos of children burned shared without context by Israel

Even if the images are real, Israel shared them without any context. 

On October 10, Israeli channel i24 News and the Israeli government were accused of having announced, without proof, that 40 babies were decapitated by Hamas in Kfar Azar. 

On October 11, US President Joe Biden also said that Israeli children had been “decapitated”. However, the same evening, the White House said that the American president had gotten this information from the Israeli services and didn’t have any additional proof. 

The next day, the Israeli government shared the image of the charred remains of children, saying: “Those who deny these events are supporting the barbaric animals who are responsible for them.”

They did not, however, give any context for the images or the circumstances of the death of these children.



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Iranian ‘hack’ targets citizens who send videos to foreign broadcasters

Hardline media outlets in Iran claim the country’s security forces hacked the Telegram channel of Iran International, a Persian-language broadcaster that has extensively covered the year-old “Woman Life Freedom” protests. The outlets claim the regime intercepted messages in which Iranian citizens sent amateur images related to the protests to the UK-based broadcaster for publication. The channel denies it was hacked, and a FRANCE 24 review of the supposedly intercepted messages found no evidence that any of the amateur content was ever broadcast by Iran International.

With a news blackout in place in Iran on the protests that followed the death of Mahsa Amini last September, many Iranians have turned to Persian-language media broadcasting from overseas. With independent media barred from working in Iran, such channels rely heavily on amateur images published on social media or sent in by Iranian citizens. Videos filmed by citizens and sent to these media outlets outside Iran have become the main source for many Iranians of independent information about what is happening inside their country.

In what appears to be an attempt to discourage these ties, media affiliated with Iran’s hardline Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) have targeted Iran International, publishing what they say are messages in which Iranian citizens sent amateur videos for publication by the UK-based channel. Launched in the UK in 2017, the channel, which reportedly receives funding from Saudi sources, is one of the favourite destinations for amateur videos shot inside Iran. Iranian authorities have branded it a “terrorist organisation”.


Media affiliated with the IRGC, including the Fars News Agency, have published at least six online videos saying an unspecified “group of hackers” intercepted messages sent to Iran International.

 

Iran International denies the hacking. “I can state categorically that our Telegram account has not been hacked, or compromised in any way. It never has been. Such claims from the IRGC or its associates are false and are designed to frighten and intimidate people,” spokesperson Adam Baillie told FRANCE 24. “We are characterised by the Iranian authorities as a terrorist channel, which provides quasi-legal cover for threats against our staff and the harassment, often brutal, of their families in Iran.”

The designation of Iran International as a terrorist organisation means that Iranians accused of sending information to the channel could face severe penalties in Iranian courts.

A Fars News Agency alert about contacting Iran International television: “Alert to people who cooperate with enemy media”. © Observers

 

Alert to people who cooperate with enemy media

Media affiliated with the IRGC, including the Fars News Agency, have published at least six online videos saying an unspecified “group of hackers” intercepted messages sent to Iran International. The videos, posted since mid-September, feature amateur images supposedly sent to the UK-based channel via Telegram, along with screenshots of the senders’ messages and usernames with the account name blurred. The amateur images show protests and other anti-regime initiatives such as strikes by shopkeepers. 

One video, published on Telegram on September 15, showed screenshots of messages sent by a user named “Milad” in which he sent a video of an anti-regime protest along with this caption: “Aryashahr (a neighbourhood in Tehran), 17th or 18th Aban (September 8 or 9, 2022). Regime agents savagely beat up a young man.” FRANCE 24 was unable to confirm the sender’s identity or the context of the video, but Iranian web users suggested the claims of a hack were fabricated.


In a video published on X, formerly Twitter, on September 19, demonstrators chant: “The mullahs must go”.

 

Fars News Agency’s claim is BS

Iranian web users have been skeptical about the claims of a hack. “As someone who has sent many photos and videos [to Iran International], I can confirm Fars News Agency’s claim is BS,” said one tweet posted on September 20.

 


“If they had hacked the channel, they would have shown off about it by announcing they had hacked it and changing the profile picture,” another user wrote, referring to a common practice when the Iranian security forces hack into anti-regime accounts.


A third user wrote: “Hacking? That’s a joke! The IRGC fanboys can’t do anything more complex than basic HTML coding.”


 

Hacking Telegram is very difficult

Amin Sabeti is an Iranian cybersecurity expert based in London. He closely follows the activities of hackers close to the Islamic republic’s regime.

“In general, hacking the servers of a messaging app like Telegram is a very difficult task, not just for Iranians, but for any hacker in the world. The screenshots of the user messages supposedly sent to Iran International’s Telegram account are in a format that would only be visible by the Iran International Telegram account owner. I closely follow hackers working for the Iranian regime and I have never seen any indication that they are capable of directly hacking Telegram’s servers to access any account.

All the Iranian hackers have done so far is to trap the “end user”, using various techniques like phishing. For example, they send emails to account holders pretending to be from the Telegram company saying that someone is trying to hack your account or change your password.

There are two sides to the question of the safety of Iranians who turn to foreign media such as the BBC or Iran International. Concerning the news organisations, I know that the security measures of these media outlets are really good. They are up-to-date in keeping their accounts secure. That is why we have never had such a case so far.

The only possible problem, however, could be the Iranians who contact these news organisations, because they too need to protect their accounts. They need to update their apps and software, and make sure they do not have malware on their phones. And once they have sent their messages, they need to delete them themselves.”

 

No trace of the videos on Iran International accounts 

FRANCE 24 analysed the six video reports published by Fars and other IRGC-affiliated Telegram accounts. The IRGC reports featured more than 30 amateur videos supposedly sent to Iran International. The FRANCE 24 team then searched for other publications of the videos on social media, including archives of Iran International’s Telegram, X (formerly Twitter) and Instagram accounts over the last 12 months.  

Of the around 30 videos supposedly sent to Iran International by Iranian citizens:

  • None were published on Iran International’s social media accounts, including Telegram, X and Instagram.
  • Reverse image searches found no publication of the videos on other social media accounts. 
  • In at least in one case, the video could not have been recorded on the date it claimed because the environment is not the same as it was during the 2022 protests.

Video supposedly filmed in November 2022 was filmed in 2023

One video, published by Fars News on September 20, featured messages supposedly sent to Iran International in November 2022 by a Telegram user called “Nilo0o”. The supposed user sent a video showing closed businesses on a street with a caption saying: “General strike by the population in Rasht on 17 November 2022.” 

The video was filmed in the Golsar neighbourhood in the city of Rasht. It shows a bank, Melal Credit Institution, on Golsar Street between alleys 92 and 96, in a complex called the Blanca Palace. 

 

The video shows a bank, Melal Credit Institution, on Golsar Street in a complex called the Blanca Palace.
The video shows a bank, Melal Credit Institution, on Golsar Street in a complex called the Blanca Palace. © Observers

 

But other information indicates that the Golsar branch of the bank moved to that location in 2023. A video of Golsar Street filmed in January 2023 shows the same location vacant, with a banner giving contact information for the complex. 

 

This photo shows the same location vacant, with a banner giving contact information for the complex.
This photo shows the same location vacant, with a banner giving contact information for the complex. © Observers

 

Yellow Pages information indicate that Melal Credit had a branch at a different location on Golsar Street, 500 metres away near alley 109.

 

This photo shows that Melal Credit had a branch at a different location on Golsar Street, 500 metres away near alley 109.
This photo shows that Melal Credit had a branch at a different location on Golsar Street, 500 metres away near alley 109. © Observers

 

A posting by a business at that location in February 2023 said: ““I am the new owner at alley 109, pls Bank update your contact info!” 

A posting by a business at that location in February 2023 said: ““I am the new owner at alley 109, pls Bank update your contact info!”
A posting by a business at that location in February 2023 said: ““I am the new owner at alley 109, pls Bank update your contact info!” © Observers

The video supposedly intercepted by hackers could not have been filmed in November 2022.

If the regime succeeds in cutting this line, we will have a total information freeze

Bahram [not his real name] is an Iranian journalist who has been arrested or interrogated multiple times in recent years over his reporting on current affairs in Iran. He says that with widespread censorship in Iran, many Iranians turn to overseas broadcasters like Iran International for reliable news.

Iranians now record everything with their mobile phones: strikes, protests, police violence … and send the videos to organisations that will publish them. The amateur videos people send to overseas broadcasters are our only source of information. If the regime succeeds in cutting this line of communication, we will have a total information freeze in our country. We will not know what is going on: we’ll know absolutely nothing.

The regime has done its best to drive us into such a blackout. They have blocked social media, but people use VPN proxy servers to get access.

They have tried to discredit these media or activists through propaganda smear campaigns. Now the latest attempt is to scare people. They’re saying: “If you send them something, we will find you, so don’t send them anything.” However, I am not sure it will ultimately benefit the regime. Maybe in the short term people will hesitate for a few days to send videos to this or that media or activist, but in the long term I think nothing will change. You will not give up your water source, no matter how tiny it is, in a desert.



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