X and YouTube see posts glorifying ‘jauhar’ amid Israel-Hamas conflict

In the aftermath of Hamas’ October 7 attacks when militants killed hundreds of Israeli civilians and took more than 100 people as hostages, social media platform X (formerly Twitter) saw the glorification of mass female suicides or “jauhar,” in the form of photos and comments posted by Indian internet users.

In response to a video clip showing an unconscious and unclothed woman lying in a truck amongst Hamas militants, many Indian X users, including those with hundreds or thousands of followers, publicly praised or justified the need for jauhar: the practice of Hindu women dying by fire during wars, mostly in precolonial India.

What is jauhar?

Jauhar refers to the outdated act of mainly Hindu royal women in North India dying by suicide or being forced into mass pyres in order to avoid capture and sexual violence at the hands of enemy soldiers.

Jauhar has existed for centuries and multiple instances of it were recorded throughout periods of India’s history, including during the earlier years of Mughal rule.

Sati, the now criminalised act of burning Hindu women to death after their husband’s demise, is different from jauhar in terms of its intention.

An older instance of jauhar, the mass suicide of female Rajput royalty during the 1303 Siege of Chittorgarh led by Alauddin Khalji, has become mythologised due to the belief that Khalji wished to capture the kingdom’s beautiful queen, Rani Padmini, whose existence historians have largely deemed to be mythical rather than factual.

The 2018 Bollywood period film Padmaavat directed by Sanjay Leela Bhansali and starring Deepika Padukone, Shahid Kapoor, and Ranveer Singh brought jauhar back into mainstream discourse, as watchers debated whether the film glorified the painful and patriarchal act.

Padmaavat concludes with a Rani Padmini-figure (played by Padukone) entering a mass pyre to escape a fictionalised version of Khalji (played by Singh) and is based on other creative adaptations of the Rani Padmini legend rather than historical sources.

Pro-jauhar rhetoric in the 21st century is often used to demonise Muslim men and portray them as sexual assaulters or foreign conquerors, while simultaneously conveying the message that Hindu women are better off dying than surviving sexual assault and/or living with men of other faiths.

Though most social media platforms have policies which prohibit content glorifying self-harm or suicide, jauhar has largely slipped through the cracks because it is culture-specific and historical in nature.

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Justifying and glorifying jauhar on X

Within hours and days of the October 7 attacks, one could easily find posts on X (formerly Twitter) which used Hamas’ abduction of civilians to make a case for jauhar.

Verified X user @‌ishkarnBHANDARI, who had around 402,000 followers and described themselves as an advocate, posted on October 7: “The practice of Jauhar in India, can be understood today with what the terrorists are doing to Israel women.”

Screenshot of an X user commenting on jauhar and linking it to the Hamas attacks
| Photo Credit:
@‌ishkarnBHANDARI

X user @‌SinghShaktiBJP, verified and with more than 22,000 followers, shared a post referencing Hamas on October 7 and used it to explain why “our mothers” practiced jauhar. The post also had an image, classified as likely AI-generated according to one image detector, showing a group of richly dressed women standing in front of a flaming pyre. The exact same text and photo was also published by several other accounts on X.

Screenshot of an X post commenting on jauhar

Screenshot of an X post commenting on jauhar
| Photo Credit:
@‌SinghShaktiBJP

X users shared videos of the wounded woman in the Hamas truck, juxtaposing it with video clippings of the jauhar scene from the Padmaavat film where the queen enters the flames with a number of royal Rajput women while Alauddin Khalji battles his way into the fort to capture her.

A collage of posts showing jauhar justification or praise on X; the Padmaavat film’s Alauddin Khalji (played by Ranveer Singh) can be seen in the image on the extreme right

A collage of posts showing jauhar justification or praise on X; the Padmaavat film’s Alauddin Khalji (played by Ranveer Singh) can be seen in the image on the extreme right
| Photo Credit:
Posts sourced from X and edited on Canva to cover images of graphic violence

Other accounts placed clips of Khalji from the same film alongside video clips of Hamas militants driving away with the injured woman they had captured.

Many Indian X users who shared such posts praising this form of ritualistic suicide spoke about preserving purity, caste or gender-based honour, dignity, respect, and bravery.

Screenshot of an X post justifying jauhar and using scenes from the Padmaavat movie, though incorrectly attributing the clip to Mughal times.

Screenshot of an X post justifying jauhar and using scenes from the Padmaavat movie, though incorrectly attributing the clip to Mughal times.
| Photo Credit:
Image from X, scrolled down to show the number of views

Glorification of jauhar on YouTube

Under YouTube videos that show clips or songs from the film Padmaavat, dozens of user comments – some of which are years old – praise jauhar.

According to YouTube-parent Google’s Community Guidelines, the platform does not allow media that “promotes suicide, self-harm, or eating disorders, that is intended to shock or disgust, or that poses a considerable risk to viewers.” This policy covers the comments posted under videos as well.

One comment from three years ago, left in response to a Padmaavat clip and liked over 900 times, read: “Can you imagine hundreds of women walking into fire willingly..Women who lived for their men and their pride!! Such a purity!! What a Love!! Respect from Hyderabad # Telangana!!”

More recent comments referenced the violence in Israel.

“Anyone here after watching what Islamic terrorists of hamas did to women in Israel???,” read one comment posted on October 31.

“Watched this scene after naked body of israeli women was paraded by Palestinians and now I understand why those women did what they did,” said another comment from three weeks ago.

The film’s mass suicide scene has been censored by YouTube and requires users to sign in to confirm their age before viewing it. The platform also provides viewer discretion and self-harm warnings before playing the video. However, the comments are visible to all.

Screenshot of some YouTube comments left under the jauhar scene from the Padmaavat film

Screenshot of some YouTube comments left under the jauhar scene from the Padmaavat film
| Photo Credit:
YouTube

Many of the YouTube comments again praised and glorified the act of jauhar, while others used the movie’s fictional 14th century storyline to villainise 21st century Muslims, clearly violating YouTube’s Community Guidelines against hate speech targeting protected groups.

Screenshot of some YouTube comments, including Islamophobic hate speech, under the jauhar scene from the Padmaavat movie

Screenshot of some YouTube comments, including Islamophobic hate speech, under the jauhar scene from the Padmaavat movie
| Photo Credit:
Image sourced from YouTube and edited on Canva to hide explicit language

Glorification of jauhar on Meta apps

While recently posted jauhar-related content was easy to find on X and YouTube, this was more challenging to locate on Instagram, Facebook, WhatsApp, and Threads due to less sophisticated keyword search features. While Threads did not have many references to jauhar, Instagram had kept up old user comments which glorified the act. Many of these were under video clips taken from the Padmaavat film.

Screenshot of old comments glorifying jauhar on Instagram

Screenshot of old comments glorifying jauhar on Instagram
| Photo Credit:
Instagram

The Hindu reached out to Google and Meta to learn how they plan to address jauhar-related content, Islamophobia, and antisemitism across their products both during the Israel-Hamas conflict and in the future, but did not receive a response.

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Netanyahu rejects calls for ceasefire as Israel pushes deeper into Gaza and frees Hamas captive

Israeli ground forces pushed deeper into Gaza on Monday, advancing in tanks and other armored vehicles on the territory’s main city and freeing a soldier held captive by Hamas militants. The Israeli Prime Minister rejected calls for a ceasefire as airstrikes landed near hospitals where thousands of Palestinians are sheltering beside the wounded.

The military said a soldier captured during Hamas’ brutal October 7 incursion was rescued in Gaza — the first rescue since the weekslong war began. Military officials provided few details but said in a statement that Pvt. Ori Megidish, 19, was “doing well” and had met with her family.


ALSO READ | Lost voice: On India’s abstention on the Gaza vote at the UN

Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu welcomed her home, saying the “achievement” by Israel’s security forces “illustrates our commitment to free all the hostages.”

He also rejected calls for a ceasefire to facilitate the release of captives or end the war, which he has said will be long and difficult. “Calls for a ceasefire are calls for Israel to surrender to Hamas,” he told a news conference. “That will not happen.”

Mr. Netanyahu, who faces mounting anger over Israel’s failure to prevent the worst surprise attack on the country in a half century, also said he had no plans to resign.

Hostage situation

Hamas and other militant groups are believed to be holding some 240 captives, including men, women and children. Mr. Netanyahu has faced mounting pressure to secure their release even as Israel acts to crush Hamas and end its 16-year rule over the territory.

Hamas, which has released four hostages, has said it would let the others go in return for thousands of Palestinian prisoners held by Israel, including many implicated in deadly attacks on Israelis. Israel has dismissed the offer, and Mr. Netanyahu said the ground invasion “creates the possibility” of getting the hostages out, adding that Hamas will “only do it under pressure.”


ALSO READ | Israel-Hamas war, Day 25 LIVE updates

Hamas released a short video Monday purporting to show three other female captives. One of the women delivers a brief statement — likely under duress — criticising Israel’s response to the hostage crisis. It was not clear when the Hamas video was made.

Amos Aloni, whose daughter Danielle appeared in the video, told reporters that he and his wife were shocked when she appeared on TV but also felt “relief from her being alive and seeing her.”

Gaza operations

The military has been vague about its operations inside Gaza, including the location and number of troops. Israel has declared a new “phase” in the war but stopped short of declaring an all-out ground invasion.

Larger ground operations have been launched both north and east of Gaza City. Israel says many of Hamas’ forces and much of its militant infrastructure, including hundreds of miles (kilometers) of tunnels, are in Gaza City, which before the war was home to over 650,000 people, a population comparable to that of Washington, D.C.

Though Israel ordered Palestinians to flee the north, where Gaza City is located, and move south, hundreds of thousands remain, in part because Israel has also bombarded targets in so-called safe zones. Around 117,000 displaced people hoping to stay safe from strikes are staying in hospitals in northern Gaza, alongside thousands of patients and staff, according to U.N. figures.

The U.N. agency for Palestinian refugees, known as UNRWA, says nearly 672,000 Palestinians are sheltering in its schools and other facilities across Gaza, which have reached four times their capacity.

UNRWA head Philippe Lazzarini accused Israel of “collective punishment” of the Palestinians, and of forcing their displacement from northern Gaza to the south, where they are still not safe.

Death toll

The death toll among Palestinians passed 8,300, mostly women and children, the Gaza Health Ministry said Monday. The figure is without precedent in decades of Israeli-Palestinian violence. More than 1.4 million people in Gaza have fled their homes.

Over 1,400 people have died on the Israeli side, mainly civilians killed during Hamas’ initial attack, also an unprecedented figure.

Lazzarini said 64 of the agency’s staff were killed in the past three weeks — the latest just two hours before he addressed an emergency U.N. Security Council meeting, when an agency security official was killed with his wife and eight children.

‘Trapped’ Gazans

Most Gazans “feel trapped in a war they have nothing to do with” and “feel the world is equating all of them to Hamas,” he told the Security Council.

Video circulating on social media showed an Israeli tank and bulldozer in central Gaza blocking the territory’s main north-south highway.

The video, taken by a local journalist, shows a car approaching an earth barrier across the road. The car stops and turns around. As it heads away, a tank appears to open fire, and an explosion engulfs the car. The journalist, in another car, races away in terror, screaming, “Go back! Go back!” at an approaching ambulance and other vehicles.

The Gaza Health Ministry later said three people were killed in the car that was hit.

Rear Adm. Daniel Hagari, an Israeli military spokesman, declined to comment on where Israeli forces are deployed. He said additional infantry and armored, engineering and artillery units had entered Gaza and the operations would continue to “expand and intensify.”

The military said troops have killed dozens of militants who attacked from inside buildings and tunnels. It said that in the last few days, it had struck more than 600 militant targets, including weapons depots and anti-tank missile launching positions. Palestinian militants have continued firing rockets into Israel, including toward its commercial hub, Tel Aviv.

Hamas said its fighters clashed with Israeli troops who entered the northwest. It was not possible to independently confirm battlefield claims made by either side.

Hospitals under threat

Meanwhile, crowded hospitals in northern Gaza came under growing threat.

Gaza’s Health Ministry shared video footage that appeared to show an explosion and a column of smoke near the Turkish-Palestinian Friendship Hospital for cancer patients. The hospital director, Dr. Sobhi Skaik, said it had sustained damage in a strike that endangered patients.

All 10 hospitals operating in northern Gaza have received evacuation orders, the U.N.’s office for the coordination of humanitarian affairs said. Staff have refused to leave, saying evacuation would mean death for patients on ventilators.

Strikes hit within 50 meters (yards) of Al Quds Hospital after it received two calls from Israeli authorities on Sunday ordering it to evacuate, the Palestinian Red Crescent rescue service said. Some windows were blown out, and rooms were covered in debris. It said 14,000 people are sheltering there.

Israel says it targets Hamas fighters and infrastructure and that the militants operate among civilians, putting them in danger.

Conditions deterioriating

Beyond the fighting, conditions for civilians in Gaza are continually deteriorating.

With no central power for weeks and little fuel, hospitals are struggling to keep emergency generators running to operate incubators and other life-saving equipment. UNRWA has been trying to keep water pumps and bakeries running.

On Sunday, the largest convoy of humanitarian aid yet — 33 trucks — entered the territory from Egypt, and another 26 entered on Monday. Relief workers say the amount is still far less than what is needed for the population of 2.3 million people.

The fighting has raised concerns that the violence could spread across the region. Israel and the Lebanese militant group Hezbollah have engaged in daily skirmishes along Israel’s northern border.

In the occupied West Bank, Israel carried out airstrikes Monday against militants clashing with its forces in the Jenin refugee camp. Hamas said four of its fighters were killed there. As of Sunday, Israeli forces and settlers have killed 123 Palestinians, including 33 minors, in the West Bank, half of them during search-and-arrest operations, the U.N. said.

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